Some individuals who live, study, or conduct business in the United States obtain an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) to comply with U.S. tax laws. However, a common misconception persists — that having an ITIN allows someone to work legally in the United States.
The truth is: an ITIN does not provide work authorization.
What Is an ITIN?
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) issues ITINs for federal tax purposes. It allows individuals who are not eligible for a Social Security Number (SSN)—such as certain nonresidents, dependents of U.S. citizens, or undocumented immigrants—to file tax returns and meet their tax obligations.
What an ITIN Does Not Do
While the ITIN may be a tax compliance tool, it does not grant any immigration or employment rights. Specifically:
- It does not authorize individuals to work in the United States.
- It cannot be used to complete Form I-9, the employment eligibility verification required by all U.S. employers.
- It does not make individuals eligible for Social Security benefits or change their immigration status.
Employers who hire individuals with only an ITIN and no work authorization risk serious penalties, including fines for hiring unauthorized workers and exposure to immigration enforcement.
Who Can Work Legally in the US?
To work lawfully, a non-immigrant must have:
- A valid Employment Authorization Document (EAD) issued by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS); or
- A work-authorized visa (such as H-1B, L-1, O-1, TN, or E-2, among others).
Each of these paths requires a separate application and approval process distinct from obtaining an ITIN.
Why It Still May Make Sense to Get an ITIN
Even though it does not authorize work, having an ITIN allows nonresidents and certain undocumented individuals to:
- File tax returns and demonstrate compliance with U.S. tax laws;
- Receive certain tax refunds or credits (if eligible);
- Build a financial record that may be useful in future immigration or legalization efforts.
Key Takeaway
An ITIN is a tax identification tool, not a work permit. Before accepting employment or engaging in business activities, individuals may wish to consult an experienced immigration attorney to explore their options for obtaining lawful work authorization.